Energy Consumption Options |
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Technology |
Carbonization |
Biomass boilers |
Gas generators |
Biogas |
Densification |
Substitution fuels |
Type of need |
cooking, combustion, chemical, metallurgy |
process heat electrification, network connections |
electrification, mechanical energy, pumping, crafts, transport |
electrification, heating, lighting, depollution, compost refrigeration |
cooking &combustion |
total or partial substitution for fuel-oil r petrol, chemical |
Sector concerned |
rural development; industries |
rural development; industries |
rural development; industries |
rural development; industries |
rural development; industries |
transport & industries |
Range |
500 - 20000t/year |
from 500 kW & up |
10 to 200kW |
up to several thousands m3/day |
20 to 2500 kg/hour |
units up to 5000 l/day |
Maturity |
depending on process |
widespread old diffusion |
diffusion ? |
diffusion |
diffused ? |
depending on process diffused? |
Ease of use |
training required for craft processes |
that of industrial equipment |
no training required |
variable according processes |
variable simple to complex |
no, industrial process |
Routine servicing |
variable according process |
accessible on industrial sites |
relatively heavy, specific know how |
simple, necessary supervision |
training required |
accessible on industrial site |
Maintenance & repairs |
variable from nil to complex |
accessible on industrial sites |
relatively heavy, specific know how |
complex need suitable environment |
complex (mechanical) |
accessible on industrial site |
Transfer |
process depending |
experienced, to assess |
experienced, to assess |
experienced depending process |
? |
profitable |
Investment |
variable |
high |
high |
high |
variable |
high |
Operating costs |
variable always manpower, maintenance for industrial process |
variable man-power, maintenance, wearing parts & biomass purchase |
variable always servicing, wearing parts fuel or biomass purchase |
variable supervision, maintenance, wearing parts |
variable man-power, maintainance wearing part |
high manpower, maintenance wearing part biomass purchase |
Technology |
Electric Generator |
Photovoltaic |
Solar water heaters |
Aerogenerators |
Pumping windmills |
Small hydraulic plants |
Type of need |
electrification & connections to mechanical energy (pumping |
minor to medium electrification, refrigeration, pumping isolated sites |
sanitary and process hot water |
electrification on isolated sites, connections to adiesel unit or to a network, pumping |
pumping |
electrification, including connections to network |
Sector concerned |
rural development & industry |
rural development, health, households, telecoms, equipment |
health, households,, tourism, industries |
rural development, telecoms equipment |
rural development, |
rural development; industries |
Range |
1 to 10000kW |
5 kWh/ days & more |
100 l/day & up |
1 to 100km & more |
up to 100m3/ hour hydraulic power |
up to 10 MW |
Maturity |
widespread diffusion |
diffusion |
widespread |
variable, wide spreading |
widespread diffusion |
widespread diffusion |
Ease of use |
no supervision necessary |
yes |
yes |
variable according power |
yes |
yes |
Routine servicing |
relatively heavy, specific know how |
simple battery monitoring |
almost nil |
variable according power |
easy but necessary (lubricating) |
simple: supervision |
Maintenance & repairs |
often locally accessible |
complex |
simple plumbing, reliable |
variable according power |
simple handcraft |
specific know-how very reliable |
Transfer |
complex |
depending on components |
yes |
yes |
already old |
performed |
Investment |
low |
high |
high |
high |
minor |
high |
Operating costs |
high: fuel, manpower, maintenance, wearing parts |
very low: routine inspections, battery replacement |
almost nonexistent or low |
low: routine inspection, wearing parts |
low: routine inspection, wearing |
very low: supervision, routine, inspection, wearing parts |